-. RAC에서 지원하는 FILE SYSTEM으로 CLUSER내의 모든 MEMBER들이 동시에 READ/WRITE의
ACCESS가 가능한 FILE SYSTEM을 말함
-. FILE SYSTEM의 BUFFER CACHE를 경유하지 않는 DIRECT I/O가 가능
-. 각 플랫폼별 지원하는 CFS가 존재
-. 장점 : 1) 관리가 용이
2) ORACLE MANAGED FILE의 사용 가능
3) ORACLE DATA FILE의 AUTOEXTEND가 가능
-. 단점 : 1)DIRECT I/O를 사용하지 않는 작업의 경우 I/O 오버헤드가 발생
2. RAW DEVICE
-. FILE SYSTEM이 SETUP되지 않는 DISK DRIVE
-. 장점 : 1) ROW DIVICE는 OS커널에 의해 BUFFERING되지 않고 USER BUFFER와 DEVICE간에 직접
데이터가 전송되므로 ORACLE DISK I/O성능 향상되고 CPU 오버헤드가 감소
2) OS FILE SYSTEM의 오버헤드를 피할 수 있음
3) OS BUFFER SIZE를 줄일 수 있음
-. 단점 : 1) SETUP 하기 어렵고 백업절차가 FILE SYSTEM보다 복잡
2) RAW DEVICE와 OS FILE을 혼합하여 사용하는 경우 OS FILE은 ULIMIT PARAMETER의
SIZE보다 작아야 함
3) ULIMIT를 초과하는 테이블은 RAW DEVICE를 사용하여야 함
3.
RAW DEVICE와 CFS 모두 직접 디스크에 쓰기 수행이 가능하나 CFS의 경우 FILE CREATION, RESIZE등의
METADATA OPERATION과 같은 작업에선 여전히 I/O 오버헤드가 존재하며, RAW DEVICE는 INODE등 자유
공간 정보 관리를 위한 부담이 없으므로, 일반적으로 CFS보다 안정적임
4. RAC이전의 OPS환경에서는 DATA FILE 등 공용 FILE의 저장 장소로 RAW DEVICE의 사용이 요구됨
====================================================================================================== 인텔의 최봉영이사로 부터 온 내용
안녕하세요? Consultant에게 문의한 바에 의하면, 인텔의 system에서 int는 항상 4byte라고 합니다. Int 의 길이를 정의하는 것은 system vendor의 몫이라고 합니다. 64bit에서는 8byte여야한다는 규약이 있는 것은 아니고, 각 vendor가 정의를 하여 compiler에 적용하는 것 같습니다. 예를 들어, gcc에서 64bit system에서는 8byte, 32bit system에서는 4byte를 적용한다면, 아마 32bit에서 64bit로 가면서 모든 program을 수정해야할 가능성이 있습니다. 따라서 Intel의 system들은 32bit sytem과 64bit system에서 모두 int를 4byte로 쓰고 있습니다. 8byte의 길이가 필요하신 경우 long을 사용하는 것이 방법이 될 수 있습니다. 감사합니다. 최봉영 드림 ======================================================================================================
The Debian Project is pleased to announce the official release of Debian GNU/Linux version 4.0, codenamed etch, after 21 months of constant development. Debian GNU/Linux is a free operating system which supports a total of eleven processor architectures and includes the KDE, GNOME and Xfce desktop environments. It also features cryptographic software and compatibility with the FHS v2.3 and software developed for version 3.1 of the LSB.
Using a now fully integrated installation process, Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 comes with out-of-the-box support for encrypted partitions. This release introduces a newly developed graphical frontend to the installation system supporting scripts using composed characters and complex languages; the installation system for Debian GNU/Linux has now been translated to 58 languages.
Also beginning with Debian GNU/Linux 4.0, the package management system has been improved regarding security and efficiency. Secure APT allows the verification of the integrity of packages downloaded from a mirror. Updated package indices won't be downloaded in their entirety, but instead patched with smaller files containing only differences from earlier versions.
Debian GNU/Linux runs on computers ranging from palmtops and handheld systems to supercomputers, and on nearly everything in between. A total of eleven architectures are supported including: Sun SPARC (sparc), HP Alpha (alpha), Motorola/IBM PowerPC (powerpc), Intel IA-32 (i386) and IA-64 (ia64), HP PA-RISC (hppa), MIPS (mips, mipsel), ARM (arm), IBM S/390 (s390) and – newly introduced with Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 – AMD64 and Intel EM64T (amd64).
Debian GNU/Linux can be installed from various installation media such as DVDs, CDs, USB sticks and floppies, or from the network. GNOME is the default desktop environment and is contained on the first CD. The K Desktop Environment (KDE) and the Xfce desktop can be installed through two new alternative CD images. Also newly available with Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 are multi-arch CDs and DVDs supporting installation of multiple architectures from a single disc.
Debian GNU/Linux can be downloaded right now via bittorrent (the recommended way), jigdo or HTTP; see Debian GNU/Linux on CDs for further information. It will soon be available on DVD and CD-ROM from numerous vendors, too.
This release includes a number of updated software packages, such as the K Desktop Environment 3.5.5a (KDE), an updated version of the GNOME desktop environment 2.14, the Xfce 4.4 desktop environment, the GNUstep desktop 5.2, X.Org 7.1, OpenOffice.org 2.0.4a, GIMP 2.2.13, Iceweasel (an unbranded version of Mozilla Firefox 2.0.0.3), Icedove (an unbranded version of Mozilla Thunderbird 1.5), Iceape (an unbranded version of Mozilla Seamonkey 1.0.8), PostgreSQL 8.1.8, MySQL 5.0.32, GNU Compiler Collection 4.1.1, Linux kernel version 2.6.18, Apache 2.2.3, Samba 3.0.24, Python 2.4.4 and 2.5, Perl 5.8.8, PHP 4.4.4 and 5.2.0, Asterisk 1.2.13, and more than 18,000 other ready to use software packages.
Upgrades to Debian GNU/Linux 4.0 from the previous release, Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 codenamed sarge, are automatically handled by the aptitude package management tool for most configurations, and to a certain degree also by the apt-get package management tool. As always, Debian GNU/Linux systems can be upgraded quite painlessly, in place, without any forced downtime, but it is strongly recommended to read the release notes for possible issues. For detailed instructions about installing and upgrading Debian GNU/Linux, please see the release notes. Please note that the release notes will be further improved and translated to additional languages in the coming weeks.
About Debian
Debian GNU/Linux is a free operating system, developed by more than a thousand volunteers from all over the world who collaborate via the Internet. Debian's dedication to Free Software, its non-profit nature, and its open development model make it unique among GNU/Linux distributions.
The Debian project's key strengths are its volunteer base, its dedication to the Debian Social Contract, and its commitment to provide the best operating system possible. Debian 4.0 is another important step in that direction.
Contact Information
For further information, please visit the Debian web pages at http://www.debian.org/ or send mail to <press@debian.org>.
This release includes significant new versions of many key components and technologies. The following sections provide a brief overview of major changes from the last release of Fedora.
Spins
For the first time, Fedora includes several different spins, which are variations of Fedora built from a specific set of software packages. Each spin has a combination of software to meet the requirements of a specific kind of end user. In addition to a very small boot.iso image for network installation, users have the following spin choices:
GNOME and KDE desktop environment based bootable Live images that can be installed to a hard disk. These spins are meant for desktop users who prefer a single disk installation and for sharing Fedora with friends, family, and event attendees.
A regular image for desktops, workstations and server users. This spin provides a good upgrade path and similar environment for users of previous releases of Fedora.
Fast User Switching is well integrated within this release. Developers have enabled this feature through extensive development work on ConsoleKit and full integration throughout the distribution.
Display devices can be hot plugged and work automatically, thanks to the inclusion of Xorg Server 1.3.
This release provides a number of firmware packages for enhanced wireless networking. NetworkManager presents a graphical interface that allows users to quickly switch between wireless and wired networks for increased mobility. NetworkManager is installed by default in both GNOME and KDE Live CDs.
Fedora 7 includes a refreshing new "Flying High" theme, which is part of a continuous team effort from the community and the Fedora Artwork Project.
Firefox 2 includes a host of new features including an inline speller checker, built-in phishing protection, and the ability to resume browsing sessions.
I18N support is much improved by the presence the SCIM input methods, which now work after installation automatically without any configuration. SCIM can handle nearly every alphabet/set of characters in use. Fedora is now more accessible to a wider audience by the default inclusion of a number of language packages and input methods in the GNOME based Live CD.
A new comprehensive graphical administration tool for SELinux, system-config-selinux is available by default in this release. SELinux boolean settings have been removed from the system-config-securitylevel tool and added to this new administration tool instead.
The SELinux troubleshooting tool 'setroubleshoot' is enabled by default in this release. This tool provides notifications and detailed information to desktop users about any access denials by SELinux policy, along with suggestions on handling them.
This release features integration of a new FireWire stack in the kernel for more robust device handling.
Fedora now includes improved power management through implementation of dynamic ticks in the kernel.
This release partially consolidates dictionaries used by desktop applications, which provides a consistent desktop experience while saving resources.
Fedora now integrates the experimental nouveau driver within Xorg and the kernel. The nouveau driver, which is disabled by default in this release, aims to provide free and open source 3D drivers for nVidia cards. End users are asked to provide feedback on this feature to the project developers, to further the goal of having fully functional 3D drivers by default.
Performance
In this release, the performance of yum, Pirut, and Pup has been significantly improved.
System Level Changes
This is the first release to include support for Sony Playstation 3.
This release includes the 2.6.21 based kernel which integrates Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) technology with Fedora's graphical virt-manager and command-line virsh tools. KVM provides a hardware accelerated virtualization solution, and users have a choice between KVM and Xen, along with Qemu, in this release. The kernel included in this release also has support for VMWare's VMI interface.
In this release, all hard disk partitions follow a /dev/sd* naming convention due to a new libata driver interface in the kernel. The Anaconda installer eases the transition for release upgrades.
The mac80211 (formerly called Devicescape) wireless stack has been integrated with the kernel.
Smolt, an opt-in tool that sends anonymous hardware profile information to the Fedora Project, is integrated with firstboot in the installer. All data is available on the Smolt homepage. This profile information is used to leverage cooperation from vendors in improving end user hardware experience, and to priortize development and quality assurance on commonly used hardware.
The Fedora Directory Server base is now part of the Fedora software repository. The graphical console and administration servers are available on the website and are planned to be included in the repository after a review process.
Python 2.5 is included in this release, and all of the Python software available in the repository uses it.
This release of Fedora includes Liberation fonts, which are metric equivalents for several well-known proprietary fonts found throughout the Internet. These fonts give users better results when viewing and printing shared or downloaded documents.
intelcompiler_document.tgz
copts_cls.pdf
product_tutorial.zip
